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Chapter 9 - Virtual human identification line-ups
- Edited by Caroline Wilkinson, University of Dundee, Christopher Rynn, University of Dundee
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- Craniofacial Identification
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- 05 May 2012
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- 03 May 2012, pp 101-114
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Summary
Introduction
The legal system has long relied on eyewitnesses of crimes to help identify and prosecute criminals. Eyewitness identification is arguably one of the most influential forms of evidence that can be presented to a judge or jury. The general idea behind eyewitness identification is that a witness to a crime, whether a victim or bystander, can later establish the perpetrator’s identity. It is assumed that if the witness had a good view of the crime and was paying attention to the physical characteristics of the perpetrator, then the witness’s memory will be a valid indicator of identity, particularly if the witness is certain about his or her identification. In this chapter, we will examine the current state of traditional eyewitness identification line-ups, present an overview of a recently proposed idea to utilise virtual environments and virtual humans in identification line-ups, and finally present a comprehensive review of how virtual human identification line-ups may offer advantages over traditional line-ups.
Traditional eyewitness identification line-ups
According to Wells and Olson (2003), a line-up is a procedure in which a criminal suspect (or a photograph of the suspect) is placed among other people (live line-up) or photographs (photo array), commonly referred to as fillers or foils. Line-ups and photo arrays typically contain at least six individuals or photographs, comprised of the suspect and at least five fillers. The individuals or photographs are then presented to an eyewitness, either sequentially or simultaneously, for identification. Eyewitness identification evidence is powerful; more than 75 000 people each year become criminal defendants on the basis of eyewitness identifications (National Science Foundation, 1997). Although eyewitness identification is one of the most compelling types of evidence to which a jury or judge is exposed, experimental research (Wells, 1993; Wells and Loftus, 2003) and cases of DNA exoneration (Wells and Quinlivan, 2009) have prompted scholars and practitioners to question the accuracy, confidence levels and procedures of eyewitness identification.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Environmental impact assessment of uranium ore mining and radioactive waste around a storage centre from Mexico
- J.C. Barescut, J.C. Gariel, J.M. Péres, M. I. Gaso, N. Segovia, O. Morton
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- Journal:
- Radioprotection / Volume 40 / Issue S1 / May 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 June 2005, pp. S739-S745
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- May 2005
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Uranium ore tailings and radioactive waste have been stored during four decades at the Mexican Storage Centre for Radioactive Waste (SCRW). An estimation of effective doses from sources of natural and artificial origin in the general population and workers is presented. The sampling points are located at the SCRW at a 200 m neighbouring zone of the site and at distant communities around SCRW (regional background). The effective gamma dose rates were estimated from measurements of radionuclide concentration in soil samples from 1991 to 2002. Doses from the outdoor and indoor inhalation of radon were also determined. Transfer factors for 226Ra, 210Pb, 137Cs and 40K from soil to wild edible species have been used to estimate the contribution of wild local foods to the dietary intake and to assess the supplementary doses received due to internal irradiation. The effective dose via the different exposure pathways estimated in the population that would live at the future in the immediate SCRW vicinity was two times higher than for the regional background.
14 - Chronic and refractory mood disorders in childhood and adolescence
- from Part IV - Special patient populations
- Edited by Jay D. Amsterdam, University of Pennsylvania, Mady Hornig, University of California, Irvine, Andrew A. Nierenberg
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- Treatment-Resistant Mood Disorders
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- 25 March 2010
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- 28 June 2001, pp 273-287
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Summary
All childhood and adolescent depression can be characterized as 'refractory' if the measurement used is scientific evidence of efficacious treatments. There have been a small number of systematic studies reported examining the efficacy of psychotherapy interventions for child and adolescent depression. Treatment resistance is a difficult concept to operationalize in young populations, and may apply to a substantial proportion of children and adolescents who are seen clinically. It is clearly established that pediatric major depression is a valid diagnostic entity which as clinical continuity with adult affective disorders. Potential for overdose is a significant concern in the treatment of mood disordered children and adolescents. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have a very low potential of lethality, while the lethality of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) is very high. SSRIs have potential drug-drug interactions with thioridazine, TCAs, and terfenadine.